Estonia
Capital: TallinnRegion: Europe & Central AsiaIncome: High income
Estonia's GDP is $51.04B (2026), with a population of 1.4M, and GDP per capita of $37,195. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 1.5%, inflation at 4.3%, unemployment at 7.4%, government debt at 27.5% of GDP, life expectancy of 78.5 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators. Explore Estonia's full economic profile with 440+ indicators, interactive charts, and historical data below.
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook
Economy
Financial Markets
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Central Bank Policy Rate (%) | 2.26% | 2025 |
Fiscal & Monetary
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Inflation, Consumer Prices (%) | 4.3% | 2026 |
| Govt Gross Debt (% of GDP) | 27.5% | 2026 |
| Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) | -4.0% | 2026 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -2.2% | 2026 |
| Unemployment Rate (%) | 7.4% | 2026 |
| Inflation, CPI (%, World Bank) | 3.5% | 2024 |
| Government Revenue (% of GDP) | 36.1% | 2023 |
| Government Expenditure (% of GDP) | 37.7% | 2023 |
| Tax Revenue (% of GDP) | 21.3% | 2023 |
| Taxes on Goods & Services (% of revenue) | 34.7% | 2023 |
| Taxes on Income, Profits & Capital Gains (% of rev) | 21.3% | 2023 |
| Net Investment in Nonfinancial Assets (% of GDP) | 4.9% | 2023 |
| Total Reserves incl. Gold (USD) | $2.07B | 2024 |
| Total Reserves (months of imports) | 0.7 | 2024 |
| Official Exchange Rate (per USD) | 0.92 | 2024 |
| PPP Conversion Factor | 0.58 | 2024 |
Trade
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 151.0% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 75.7% | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 75.4% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $32.64B | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $32.51B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $18.83B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $22.43B | 2024 |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | -8.0% | 2024 |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | -8.6% | 2024 |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $-3.44B | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $496.3M | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 1.2% | 2024 |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 18.4% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -1.3% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-542.9M | 2024 |
Finance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 60.5% | 2024 |
| Bank Capital to Assets Ratio (%) | 9.3% | 2023 |
| Bank Nonperforming Loans (%) | 1.1% | 2023 |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 98.9% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 99.8% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 97.9% | 2024 |
| Firms Using Banks to Finance Investment (%) | 30.0% | 2023 |
Business Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Get Electricity (days) | 76 | 2023 |
Private Sector
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Firms Expected to Pay Bribes (%) | 0.7% | 2023 |
| Firms with Female Top Manager (%) | 38.0% | 2023 |
| Firms with Female Participation in Ownership (%) | 16.0% | 2023 |
| Firms Offering Training (%) | 42.2% | 2023 |
| Average Firm Age (years) | 9 years | 2023 |
| Firms Using Computers (%) | 23.8% | 2023 |
People
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 1.4M | 2024 |
| Population Growth (%) | 0.1% | 2024 |
| Population Density (per km²) | 32 | 2023 |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 45,340 | 2023 |
| Land Area (sq km) | 42,730 | 2023 |
| Urban Population (%) | 70.7% | 2024 |
| Urban Population (total) | 970,219 | 2024 |
| Rural Population (%) | 29.3% | 2024 |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 78.5 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 74.1 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 83.1 years | 2023 |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 1.3 | 2023 |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 8 | 2023 |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 11.7 | 2023 |
| Net Migration | -13,350 | 2025 |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 15.6% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 63.1% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 21.3% | 2024 |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 58.6% | 2024 |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 33.8% | 2024 |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 24.8% | 2024 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 146.2 | 2023 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 57.9 | 2023 |
Labor
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 746,793 | 2025 |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 65.1% | 2025 |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 61.0% | 2025 |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 69.8% | 2025 |
| Unemployment (%) | 8.3% | 2025 |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 8.0% | 2025 |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 8.6% | 2025 |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 19.7% | 2025 |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 3.0% | 2025 |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 26.0% | 2025 |
| Employment in Services (%) | 71.0% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (%) | 67.0% | 2024 |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 7.1% | 2025 |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 87.9% | 2025 |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 33.2% | 2024 |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 5.0% | 2025 |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 49.7% | 2025 |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 59.7% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 12.1% | 2025 |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 10.2% | 2024 |
Education
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 5.2% | 2022 |
| Education Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 13.0% | 2022 |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 98.3% | 2023 |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 108.4% | 2023 |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 67.6% | 2023 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 96.8% | 2023 |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 96.1% | 2023 |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 2,264 | 2023 |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 1,120 | 2023 |
| Primary School Teachers | 8,475 | 2023 |
| Secondary School Teachers | 9,391 | 2021 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 11 | 2017 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Secondary | 9 | 2017 |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 25.0% | 2016 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 99.7 | 2021 |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 25.2% | 2016 |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 27.1% | 2016 |
Health
Energy & Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 7.8 | 2024 |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 11 | 2024 |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 3,089 | 2023 |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 5,722 | 2023 |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 40.0% | 2021 |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 38.0% | 2021 |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 100.0% | 2023 |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 100.0% | 2023 |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 6.1 | 2020 |
| Forest Area (%) | 57.1% | 2023 |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 24,384 | 2023 |
| Arable Land (%) | 16.6% | 2023 |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 20.8% | 2024 |
| Marine Protected Areas (%) | 19.3% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 100.0% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 99.0% | 2024 |
Agriculture
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 23.1% | 2023 |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 3,410 | 2023 |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 105.7 | 2022 |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 119 | 2022 |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 94.6 | 2022 |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 352,150 | 2023 |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 76,695 | 2023 |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 74.9 | 2023 |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 2.5% | 2023 |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 9.5% | 2022 |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 1.2M | 2023 |
Technology
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 92.2% | 2024 |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 150 | 2023 |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 35.3 | 2023 |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 139,022.3 | 2024 |
| R&D Spending (% of GDP) | 1.78% | 2022 |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 25 | 2021 |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 1 | 2021 |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 1,842 | 2022 |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $2.27B | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 25.9% | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $3.52B | 2024 |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 36 | 2021 |
| Researchers in R&D (per million) | 4,655 | 2022 |
Infrastructure
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 857 | 2019 |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 0 | 2019 |
| Container Port Traffic (TEU) | 288,456 | 2022 |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 1,033 | 2017 |
| Railways, Passengers (million km) | 290 | 2021 |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 2,128 | 2021 |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 3.60 | 2022 |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 0.3% | 2023 |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 0.0% | 2021 |
Gender
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 29.7% | 2024 |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 62.9% | 2024 |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 92.4% | 2025 |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 96.7% | 2017 |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 5 | 2023 |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 95.67 | 2017 |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.05 | 2020 |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 1.00 | 2020 |
Governance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | 1.54 | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness | 1.26 | 2023 |
| Political Stability | 0.66 | 2023 |
| Regulatory Quality | 1.43 | 2023 |
| Rule of Law | 1.43 | 2023 |
| Voice & Accountability | 1.22 | 2023 |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 91.5% | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 88.7% | 2023 |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 89.6% | 2023 |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 69.2% | 2023 |
Military
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 3.4% | 2024 |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $1.44B | 2024 |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 7,000 | 2020 |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 1.0% | 2020 |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 7.5% | 2024 |
| Intentional Homicides (per 100,000) | 1.5 | 2023 |
Poverty & Inequality
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 0.3% | 2023 |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 0.6% | 2023 |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 1.3% | 2023 |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 22.5% | 2022 |
| Gini Index | 30.7 | 2023 |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 23.7% | 2023 |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 3.1% | 2023 |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 39.3% | 2023 |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 8.3% | 2023 |
| Shared Prosperity Premium (%) | 1.0% | 2023 |
| Survey Mean Consumption (2017 PPP $ per day) | 43.8 | 2023 |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 0.2% | 2023 |
Social Protection
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.78 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.81 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.75 | 2020 |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 11.7 years | 2020 |
Tourism
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 1.7M | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Departures | 558,000 | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $865.0M | 2020 |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $676.0M | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 4.0% | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $277.0M | 2020 |
Urban Development
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | 0.2% | 2024 |
| Population in Largest City | 457,657 | 2025 |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 47.8% | 2025 |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 0.3% | 2022 |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | 0.1% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 98.9% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Sanitation (%) | 90.6% | 2024 |
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