Estonia—R&D Spending (% of GDP)
Estonia's R&D spending (% of GDP) was 1.84% in 2023, ranking #21 out of 114 countries. This represents a +4.4% change from 2022. Over the past 24 years, the highest recorded value was 2.30% (2011) and the lowest was 0.60% (2000). Data sourced from the World Bank World Development Indicators.
Historical Data
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 1.84% | +4.4% |
| 2022 | 1.76% | +0.5% |
| 2021 | 1.75% | +1.5% |
| 2020 | 1.73% | +8.5% |
| 2019 | 1.59% | +15.0% |
| 2018 | 1.38% | +10.5% |
| 2017 | 1.25% | +2.7% |
| 2016 | 1.22% | -15.5% |
| 2015 | 1.44% | +2.4% |
| 2014 | 1.41% | -17.2% |
| 2013 | 1.70% | -19.2% |
| 2012 | 2.10% | -8.3% |
| 2011 | 2.30% | +45.4% |
| 2010 | 1.58% | +13.0% |
| 2009 | 1.40% | +11.6% |
| 2008 | 1.25% | +18.2% |
| 2007 | 1.06% | -4.8% |
| 2006 | 1.11% | +21.3% |
| 2005 | 0.92% | +8.4% |
| 2004 | 0.85% | +10.6% |
| 2003 | 0.76% | +7.4% |
| 2002 | 0.71% | +1.9% |
| 2001 | 0.70% | +16.5% |
| 2000 | 0.60% |
Top Countries — R&D Spending (% of GDP)
| # | Country | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Israel | 6.35% | 2023 |
| 2 | Liechtenstein | 6.01% | 2023 |
| 3 | Korea, Rep. | 4.94% | 2023 |
| 4 | Sweden | 3.60% | 2023 |
| 5 | United States | 3.45% | 2023 |
| 6 | Japan | 3.44% | 2023 |
| 7 | Belgium | 3.27% | 2023 |
| 8 | Austria | 3.26% | 2023 |
| 9 | Switzerland | 3.22% | 2023 |
| 10 | Germany | 3.15% | 2023 |
About This Indicator
Definition
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Methodology
Data compiled by Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02.
Unit
% of GDP