Estonia
ESTEurope & Central AsiaHigh incomeCapital: TallinnEconomy
Fiscal
People
Health
Education
Trade
Energy / Env
Tech
Governance
Equality
Infra
Labor
76/80 indicators · percentile vs world (IMF / WB / WHO)underover
GDP
$54
2027▲ 5.1%
Population
1.4M
2024▲ 0.1%
GDP per Capita
$39,129
2027▲ 5.2%
Life Expectancy
78.5 years
2023▲ 0.8%
Estonia in world space2000–2023
192 countries · log scale on X world Estonia· trajectory line: 1980 → today
▶About Estonia
Estonia's GDP is $51.04B (2026), with a population of 1.4M, and GDP per capita of $37,195. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 1.5%, inflation at 4.3%, unemployment at 7.4%, government debt at 27.5% of GDP, life expectancy of 78.5 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators.
Economically, this Baltic nation is classified under high income and is part of the Europe & Central Asia region. With a projected GDP of 51.036 billion in 2026, the economy is expected to grow by 1.5%. The GDP per capita is anticipated to reach 37,194.835, reflecting a robust economic performance. Inflation is projected at 4.3% for 2026, while trade as a percentage of GDP was 151.037702410455 in 2024, indicating a highly trade-oriented economy. Unemployment is forecasted to be 8.313% in 2025. Socially, the population stands at approximately 1.37 million as of 2024. Life expectancy is 78.49 years, showcasing a relatively healthy population. The capital, Tallinn, serves as the economic and cultural hub, driving significant development and innovation. The society benefits from advanced digital infrastructure, contributing to a high quality of life.
▶Economy30 indicators · 2021–2027 · IMF / WB
▶Financial Markets1 indicator · 2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Bank Policy Rate (%) | 2.26% | 2025 | ▼ 39.4% | WB |
▶Fiscal & Monetary16 indicators · 2023–2027 · IMF / WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflation, Consumer Prices (%) | 3.3% | 2027 | ▼ 23.3% | IMF |
| Govt Gross Debt (% of GDP) | 30.2% | 2027 | ▲ 9.8% | IMF |
| Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) | -3.8% | 2027 | ▲ 5.0% | IMF |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -2.1% | 2027 | ▲ 4.5% | IMF |
| Unemployment Rate (%) | 7.1% | 2027 | ▼ 4.1% | IMF |
| Inflation, CPI (%, World Bank) | 3.5% | 2024 | ▼ 61.6% | WB |
| Government Revenue (% of GDP) | 36.1% | 2023 | ▲ 2.9% | WB |
| Government Expenditure (% of GDP) | 37.7% | 2023 | ▲ 6.4% | WB |
| Tax Revenue (% of GDP) | 21.3% | 2023 | ▲ 1.1% | WB |
| Taxes on Goods & Services (% of revenue) | 34.7% | 2023 | ▼ 2.9% | WB |
| Taxes on Income, Profits & Capital Gains (% of rev) | 21.3% | 2023 | ▼ 1.1% | WB |
| Net Investment in Nonfinancial Assets (% of GDP) | 4.9% | 2023 | ▲ 14.7% | WB |
| Total Reserves incl. Gold (USD) | $2.07B | 2024 | ▼ 20.0% | WB |
| Total Reserves (months of imports) | 0.7 | 2024 | ▼ 21.6% | WB |
| Official Exchange Rate (per USD) | 0.92 | 2024 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| PPP Conversion Factor | 0.58 | 2024 | ▲ 0.6% | WB |
▶Trade15 indicators · 2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 151.0% | 2024 | ▼ 2.3% | WB |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 75.7% | 2024 | ▼ 2.7% | WB |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 75.4% | 2024 | ▼ 1.9% | WB |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $32.64B | 2024 | ▲ 1.2% | WB |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $32.51B | 2024 | ▲ 2.0% | WB |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $18.83B | 2024 | ▼ 4.1% | WB |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $22.43B | 2024 | ▼ 1.9% | WB |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | -8.0% | 2024 | ▼ 163.6% | WB |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | -8.6% | 2024 | ▼ 260.3% | WB |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $-3.44B | 2024 | ▼ 166.1% | WB |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $496.3M | 2024 | ▲ 1.8% | WB |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 1.2% | 2024 | ▼ 2.1% | WB |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 18.4% | 2024 | ▲ 10.9% | WB |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -1.3% | 2024 | ▲ 27.8% | WB |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-542.9M | 2024 | ▲ 24.9% | WB |
▶Finance7 indicators · 2023–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 60.5% | 2024 | ▲ 5.0% | WB |
| Bank Capital to Assets Ratio (%) | 9.3% | 2023 | ▼ 1.9% | WB |
| Bank Nonperforming Loans (%) | 1.1% | 2023 | ▲ 35.2% | WB |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 98.9% | 2024 | ▼ 0.5% | WB |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 99.8% | 2024 | ▲ 0.2% | WB |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 97.9% | 2024 | ▼ 1.2% | WB |
| Firms Using Banks to Finance Investment (%) | 30.0% | 2023 | — | WB |
▶Business Environment1 indicator · 2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Get Electricity (days) | 76 | 2023 | — | WB |
▶Private Sector6 indicators · 2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firms Expected to Pay Bribes (%) | 0.7% | 2023 | — | WB |
| Firms with Female Top Manager (%) | 38.0% | 2023 | — | WB |
| Firms with Female Participation in Ownership (%) | 16.0% | 2023 | — | WB |
| Firms Offering Training (%) | 42.2% | 2023 | — | WB |
| Average Firm Age (years) | 9 years | 2023 | — | WB |
| Firms Using Computers (%) | 23.8% | 2023 | — | WB |
▶People23 indicators · 2023–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 1.4M | 2024 | ▲ 0.1% | WB |
| Population Growth (%) | 0.1% | 2024 | ▼ 90.5% | WB |
| Population Density (per km²) | 32 | 2023 | ▲ 1.6% | WB |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 45,340 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Land Area (sq km) | 42,730 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Urban Population (%) | 70.7% | 2024 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Urban Population (total) | 970,219 | 2024 | ▲ 0.2% | WB |
| Rural Population (%) | 29.3% | 2024 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 78.5 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.8% | WB |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 74.1 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.7% | WB |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 83.1 years | 2023 | ▲ 1.0% | WB |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 1.3 | 2023 | ▼ 7.1% | WB |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 8 | 2023 | ▼ 7.0% | WB |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 11.7 | 2023 | ▼ 8.6% | WB |
| Net Migration | -13,350 | 2025 | ▼ 72.4% | WB |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 15.6% | 2024 | ▼ 2.1% | WB |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 63.1% | 2024 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 21.3% | 2024 | ▲ 1.8% | WB |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 58.6% | 2024 | ▲ 0.2% | WB |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 33.8% | 2024 | ▲ 1.9% | WB |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 24.8% | 2024 | ▼ 2.0% | WB |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 146.2 | 2023 | ▼ 6.5% | WB |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 57.9 | 2023 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
▶Labor20 indicators · 2024–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 746,793 | 2025 | ▼ 1.4% | WB |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 65.1% | 2025 | ▼ 0.5% | WB |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 61.0% | 2025 | ▼ 0.4% | WB |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 69.8% | 2025 | ▼ 0.6% | WB |
| Unemployment (%) | 8.3% | 2025 | ▲ 9.4% | WB |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 8.0% | 2025 | ▲ 6.4% | WB |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 8.6% | 2025 | ▲ 12.3% | WB |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 19.7% | 2025 | ▲ 2.3% | WB |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 3.0% | 2025 | ▼ 3.6% | WB |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 26.0% | 2025 | ▼ 1.7% | WB |
| Employment in Services (%) | 71.0% | 2025 | ▲ 0.8% | WB |
| Self-Employed (%) | 67.0% | 2024 | ▲ 0.8% | WB |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 7.1% | 2025 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 87.9% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 33.2% | 2024 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 5.0% | 2025 | ▲ 0.1% | WB |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 49.7% | 2025 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 59.7% | 2025 | ▼ 1.3% | WB |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 12.1% | 2025 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 10.2% | 2024 | ▲ 6.6% | WB |
▶Education17 indicators · 2016–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 5.2% | 2022 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Education Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 13.0% | 2022 | ▲ 5.2% | WB |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 98.3% | 2023 | ▼ 0.9% | WB |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 108.4% | 2023 | ▼ 3.7% | WB |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 67.6% | 2023 | ▼ 5.3% | WB |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 96.8% | 2023 | ▼ 1.7% | WB |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 96.1% | 2023 | ▼ 3.9% | WB |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 2,264 | 2023 | ▲ 40.4% | WB |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 1,120 | 2023 | ▲ 45.1% | WB |
| Primary School Teachers | 8,475 | 2023 | ▲ 1.8% | WB |
| Secondary School Teachers | 9,391 | 2021 | ▲ 4.3% | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 11 | 2017 | — | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Secondary | 9 | 2017 | — | WB |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 25.0% | 2016 | — | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 99.7 | 2021 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 25.2% | 2016 | — | WB |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 27.1% | 2016 | — | WB |
▶Health38 indicators · 2014–2024 · WHO
▶Energy & Environment16 indicators · 2020–2024 · WB / WHO
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 7.8 | 2024 | ▼ 7.3% | WB |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 11 | 2024 | ▼ 7.2% | WB |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 3,089 | 2023 | ▼ 13.2% | WB |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 5,722 | 2023 | ▼ 11.5% | WB |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 40.0% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 38.0% | 2021 | ▼ 5.9% | WB |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 100.0% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 100.0% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 6.1 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Forest Area (%) | 57.1% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 24,384 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Arable Land (%) | 16.6% | 2023 | ▲ 0.6% | WB |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 20.8% | 2024 | ▲ 3.0% | WB |
| Marine Protected Areas (%) | 19.3% | 2024 | ▲ 2.7% | WB |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 100.0% | 2024 | ▼ 0.0% | WHO |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 99.0% | 2024 | ▼ 0.0% | WHO |
▶Agriculture11 indicators · 2022–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 23.1% | 2023 | ▲ 0.2% | WB |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 3,410 | 2023 | ▼ 19.3% | WB |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 105.7 | 2022 | ▲ 7.6% | WB |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 119 | 2022 | ▲ 16.7% | WB |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 94.6 | 2022 | ▼ 0.5% | WB |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 352,150 | 2023 | ▼ 2.7% | WB |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 76,695 | 2023 | ▲ 3.7% | WB |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 74.9 | 2023 | ▼ 12.7% | WB |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 2.5% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 9.5% | 2022 | ▲ 20.6% | WB |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 1.2M | 2023 | ▼ 21.5% | WB |
▶Technology13 indicators · 2021–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 92.2% | 2024 | ▼ 1.0% | WB |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 150 | 2023 | ▼ 1.4% | WB |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 35.3 | 2023 | ▼ 11.2% | WB |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 139,022.3 | 2024 | ▲ 23.9% | WB |
| R&D Spending (% of GDP) | 1.78% | 2022 | ▲ 0.8% | WB |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 25 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 1 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 1,842 | 2022 | ▼ 1.9% | WB |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $2.27B | 2024 | ▲ 8.8% | WB |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 25.9% | 2024 | ▲ 10.6% | WB |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $3.52B | 2024 | ▲ 18.5% | WB |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 36 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Researchers in R&D (per million) | 4,655 | 2022 | ▲ 15.3% | WB |
▶Infrastructure9 indicators · 2017–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 857 | 2019 | — | WB |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 0 | 2019 | — | WB |
| Container Port Traffic (TEU) | 288,456 | 2022 | ▲ 27.1% | WB |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 1,033 | 2017 | — | WB |
| Railways, Passengers (million km) | 290 | 2021 | ▲ 10.3% | WB |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 2,128 | 2021 | ▲ 23.1% | WB |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 3.60 | 2022 | — | WB |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 0.3% | 2023 | ▼ 17.7% | WB |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 0.0% | 2021 | — | WB |
▶Gender8 indicators · 2017–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 29.7% | 2024 | ▲ 3.4% | WB |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 62.9% | 2024 | ▲ 1.4% | WB |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 92.4% | 2025 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 96.7% | 2017 | — | WB |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 5 | 2023 | ▼ 6.0% | WB |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 95.67 | 2017 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.05 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 1.00 | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Governance10 indicators · 2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | 1.54 | 2023 | ▼ 0.4% | WB |
| Government Effectiveness | 1.26 | 2023 | ▼ 5.9% | WB |
| Political Stability | 0.66 | 2023 | ▼ 9.3% | WB |
| Regulatory Quality | 1.43 | 2023 | ▼ 8.3% | WB |
| Rule of Law | 1.43 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Voice & Accountability | 1.22 | 2023 | ▲ 1.5% | WB |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 91.5% | 2023 | ▲ 0.5% | WB |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 88.7% | 2023 | ▼ 1.1% | WB |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 89.6% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 69.2% | 2023 | ▼ 2.9% | WB |
▶Military6 indicators · 2020–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 3.4% | 2024 | ▲ 12.6% | WB |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $1.44B | 2024 | ▲ 16.7% | WB |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 7,000 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 1.0% | 2020 | — | WB |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 7.5% | 2024 | ▲ 8.0% | WB |
| Intentional Homicides (per 100,000) | 1.5 | 2023 | ▲ 3.7% | WB |
▶Poverty & Inequality12 indicators · 2022–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 0.3% | 2023 | ▼ 40.0% | WB |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 0.6% | 2023 | ▼ 14.3% | WB |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 1.3% | 2023 | ▼ 35.0% | WB |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 22.5% | 2022 | ▼ 1.3% | WB |
| Gini Index | 30.7 | 2023 | ▼ 5.0% | WB |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 23.7% | 2023 | ▼ 2.9% | WB |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 3.1% | 2023 | ▲ 10.7% | WB |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 39.3% | 2023 | ▼ 1.8% | WB |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 8.3% | 2023 | ▲ 7.8% | WB |
| Shared Prosperity Premium (%) | 1.0% | 2023 | — | WB |
| Survey Mean Consumption (2017 PPP $ per day) | 43.8 | 2023 | — | WB |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 0.2% | 2023 | ▼ 33.3% | WB |
▶Social Protection4 indicators · 2020 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.78 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.81 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.75 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 11.7 years | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Tourism6 indicators · 2020 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 1.7M | 2020 | — | WB |
| International Tourism, Departures | 558,000 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $865.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $676.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 4.0% | 2020 | — | WB |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $277.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Urban Development7 indicators · 2022–2025 · WB / WHO
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | 0.2% | 2024 | ▼ 90.3% | WB |
| Population in Largest City | 457,657 | 2025 | ▲ 0.3% | WB |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 47.8% | 2025 | ▲ 1.7% | WB |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 0.3% | 2022 | ▲ 245.4% | WB |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | 0.1% | 2024 | ▼ 91.7% | WB |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 98.9% | 2024 | ▲ 0.2% | WHO |
| Access to Safely Managed Sanitation (%) | 90.6% | 2024 | ▲ 0.1% | WHO |
