Mongolia
Capital: UlaanbaatarRegion: East Asia & PacificIncome: Upper middle income
Mongolia's GDP is $26.52B (2026), with a population of 3.5M, and GDP per capita of $7,320. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 5.5%, inflation at 8.1%, unemployment at 5.0%, government debt at 49.7% of GDP, life expectancy of 72.1 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators. Explore Mongolia's full economic profile with 440+ indicators, interactive charts, and historical data below.
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook
Economy
Fiscal & Monetary
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Inflation, Consumer Prices (%) | 8.1% | 2026 |
| Govt Gross Debt (% of GDP) | 49.7% | 2026 |
| Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) | -1.0% | 2026 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -13.0% | 2026 |
| Unemployment Rate (%) | 5.0% | 2026 |
| Inflation, CPI (%, World Bank) | 6.2% | 2024 |
| Real Interest Rate (%) | 1.4% | 2021 |
| Lending Interest Rate (%) | 16.0% | 2021 |
| Deposit Interest Rate (%) | 6.6% | 2021 |
| Government Debt (% of GDP) | 43.3% | 2024 |
| Government Revenue (% of GDP) | 31.6% | 2024 |
| Government Expenditure (% of GDP) | 31.7% | 2021 |
| Tax Revenue (% of GDP) | 16.9% | 2024 |
| Taxes on Goods & Services (% of revenue) | 25.9% | 2024 |
| Taxes on International Trade (% of revenue) | 6.5% | 2024 |
| Taxes on Income, Profits & Capital Gains (% of rev) | 16.3% | 2024 |
| Net Investment in Nonfinancial Assets (% of GDP) | 6.3% | 2024 |
| Total Reserves incl. Gold (USD) | $5.51B | 2024 |
| Total Reserves (months of imports) | 3.3 | 2024 |
| Official Exchange Rate (per USD) | 3,389.98 | 2024 |
| PPP Conversion Factor | 1,195.34 | 2024 |
| Broad Money (% of GDP) | 53.4% | 2023 |
Trade
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 138.4% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 68.7% | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 69.7% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $16.35B | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $16.59B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $15.78B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $11.62B | 2024 |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | 11.7% | 2024 |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | 0.2% | 2024 |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $2.78B | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $527.7M | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 2.2% | 2024 |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 22.5% | 2023 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -10.4% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-2.49B | 2024 |
External Debt
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| External Debt (% of GNI) | 181.9% | 2024 |
| External Debt Stocks (USD) | $38.02B | 2024 |
| Total Debt Service (% of GNI) | 25.7% | 2024 |
| Present Value of External Debt (USD) | $8.09B | 2024 |
| Use of IMF Credit (USD) | $287.8M | 2024 |
| Net ODA Received (% of GNI) | 1.4% | 2023 |
| Net ODA Received (USD) | $260.2M | 2023 |
Finance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 38.6% | 2023 |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 98.3% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 99.0% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 97.5% | 2024 |
People
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 3.5M | 2024 |
| Population Growth (%) | 1.2% | 2024 |
| Population Density (per km²) | 2 | 2023 |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 1.6M | 2023 |
| Land Area (sq km) | 1.6M | 2023 |
| Urban Population (%) | 71.0% | 2024 |
| Urban Population (total) | 2.5M | 2024 |
| Rural Population (%) | 29.0% | 2024 |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 72.1 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 67.6 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 76.8 years | 2023 |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 2.7 | 2023 |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 19 | 2023 |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 5.5 | 2023 |
| Net Migration | 79 | 2025 |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 32.2% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 62.7% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 5.1% | 2024 |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 59.6% | 2024 |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 8.2% | 2024 |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 51.4% | 2024 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 273.8 | 2023 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 108.9 | 2023 |
Labor
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 1.5M | 2025 |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 59.7% | 2025 |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 51.5% | 2025 |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 68.2% | 2025 |
| Unemployment (%) | 5.2% | 2025 |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 4.5% | 2025 |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 5.8% | 2025 |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 11.7% | 2025 |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 27.0% | 2025 |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 23.1% | 2025 |
| Employment in Services (%) | 49.9% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (%) | 61.8% | 2024 |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 38.4% | 2025 |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 58.8% | 2025 |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 6.1% | 2024 |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 2.8% | 2025 |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 43.9% | 2025 |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 56.6% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 41.2% | 2025 |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 9.9% | 2024 |
Education
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 3.7% | 2023 |
| Education Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 13.8% | 2024 |
| Adult Literacy Rate (%) | 98.6% | 2023 |
| Female Literacy Rate (%) | 98.9% | 2023 |
| Male Literacy Rate (%) | 98.3% | 2023 |
| Youth Literacy Rate (%) | 99.5% | 2023 |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 92.3% | 2024 |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 96.8% | 2023 |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 69.0% | 2024 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 93.5% | 2024 |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 89.1% | 2024 |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 35,209 | 2024 |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 15,550 | 2024 |
| Primary School Teachers | 11,972 | 2024 |
| Secondary School Teachers | 25,798 | 2024 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 30 | 2018 |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 32.2% | 2017 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 98.6 | 2018 |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 29.2% | 2017 |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 6.4% | 2017 |
Health
Energy & Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 7.8 | 2024 |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 28 | 2024 |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 1,891 | 2022 |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 2,546 | 2022 |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 10.9% | 2021 |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 3.0% | 2021 |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 100.0% | 2023 |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 55.8% | 2023 |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 29.7 | 2020 |
| Forest Area (%) | 9.1% | 2023 |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 141,695 | 2023 |
| Arable Land (%) | 0.7% | 2023 |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 19.8% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 86.1% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 74.3% | 2024 |
Agriculture
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 69.0% | 2023 |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 1,296 | 2023 |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 157.9 | 2022 |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 122.9 | 2022 |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 159.4 | 2022 |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 363,061 | 2023 |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 0 | 2023 |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 47.4 | 2023 |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 2.5% | 2023 |
| Agricultural Irrigated Land (%) | 0.0% | 2023 |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 1.3% | 2022 |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 470,337 | 2023 |
Technology
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 83.0% | 2023 |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 141 | 2023 |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 14.6 | 2023 |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 2,564.1 | 2024 |
| R&D Spending (% of GDP) | 0.08% | 2022 |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 109 | 2021 |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 77 | 2021 |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 262 | 2022 |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $58.7M | 2023 |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 3.9% | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $61.8M | 2024 |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 1,391 | 2021 |
| Researchers in R&D (per million) | 535 | 2022 |
Infrastructure
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 773,702 | 2023 |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 26.5 | 2023 |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 1,821 | 2021 |
| Railways, Passengers (million km) | 91 | 2021 |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 18,345 | 2021 |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 2.50 | 2022 |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 4.4% | 2022 |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 0.0% | 2021 |
Gender
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 25.4% | 2024 |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 54.0% | 2024 |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 61.0% | 2025 |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 99.9% | 2018 |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 19.7 | 2023 |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 102.14 | 2018 |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.02 | 2021 |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 0.98 | 2021 |
Governance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | -0.49 | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness | -0.47 | 2023 |
| Political Stability | 0.59 | 2023 |
| Regulatory Quality | -0.18 | 2023 |
| Rule of Law | -0.18 | 2023 |
| Voice & Accountability | 0.25 | 2023 |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 35.4% | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 34.0% | 2023 |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 43.9% | 2023 |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 67.3% | 2023 |
Military
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 0.7% | 2024 |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $180.8M | 2024 |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 18,000 | 2020 |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 1.3% | 2020 |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 2.0% | 2024 |
| Intentional Homicides (per 100,000) | 5.9 | 2023 |
Poverty & Inequality
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 0.4% | 2022 |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 2.3% | 2022 |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 24.4% | 2022 |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 27.1% | 2022 |
| Gini Index | 31.4 | 2022 |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 24.6% | 2022 |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 3.4% | 2022 |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 39.8% | 2022 |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 8.2% | 2022 |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 0.1% | 2022 |
Social Protection
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Social Insurance Coverage (%) | 37.0% | 2020 |
| Social Assistance Coverage (%) | 87.1% | 2020 |
| Labor Market Programs Coverage (%) | 1.1% | 2020 |
| Social Protection Coverage (%) | 92.6% | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.61 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.64 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.59 | 2020 |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 9.2 years | 2020 |
Tourism
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 66,900 | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $49.0M | 2020 |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $573.0M | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 0.6% | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $20.0M | 2020 |
Urban Development
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | 2.0% | 2024 |
| Population in Largest City | 1.7M | 2025 |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 68.0% | 2025 |
| Population in Agglomerations >1M (% of total) | 48.4% | 2025 |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 17.9% | 2022 |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | -0.5% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 43.4% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Sanitation (%) | 69.9% | 2024 |
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