Mongolia
MNGEast Asia & PacificUpper middle incomeCapital: UlaanbaatarEconomy
Fiscal
People
Health
Education
Trade
Energy / Env
Tech
Governance
Equality
Infra
Labor
77/80 indicators · percentile vs world (IMF / WB / WHO)underover
GDP
$28
2027▲ 5.5%
Population
3.5M
2024▲ 1.3%
GDP per Capita
$7,637
2027▲ 4.3%
Life Expectancy
72.1 years
2023▲ 0.3%
Mongolia in world space2000–2023
192 countries · log scale on X world Mongolia· trajectory line: 1980 → today
▶About Mongolia
Mongolia's GDP is $26.52B (2026), with a population of 3.5M, and GDP per capita of $7,320. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 5.5%, inflation at 8.1%, unemployment at 5.0%, government debt at 49.7% of GDP, life expectancy of 72.1 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators.
The economy of this East Asia & Pacific region country is projected to grow at a rate of 5.5% in 2026, with a GDP of $26.52 billion and a GDP per capita of $7,320.21. The economy is characterized by significant trade activity, with trade accounting for approximately 138.45% of GDP in 2024. Inflation is expected to be 8.1% in 2026, while the unemployment rate is projected to be 5.23% in 2025. The capital city, Ulaanbaatar, serves as the economic hub. The country is classified as upper middle income. Societally, the population is approximately 3.52 million as of 2024. Life expectancy stands at around 72.12 years. The social landscape is influenced by a blend of traditional nomadic culture and modern urban development, particularly in Ulaanbaatar. The society faces challenges such as urban-rural disparities and environmental sustainability, given the country's vast, resource-rich landscape.
▶Economy30 indicators · 2021–2027 · IMF / WB
▶Fiscal & Monetary22 indicators · 2021–2027 · IMF / WB
▶Trade15 indicators · 2023–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 138.4% | 2024 | ▼ 3.1% | WB |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 68.7% | 2024 | ▼ 9.9% | WB |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 69.7% | 2024 | ▲ 4.7% | WB |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $16.35B | 2024 | ▲ 5.5% | WB |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $16.59B | 2024 | ▲ 22.6% | WB |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $15.78B | 2024 | ▲ 3.9% | WB |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $11.62B | 2024 | ▲ 25.6% | WB |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | 11.7% | 2024 | ▲ 5.7% | WB |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | 0.2% | 2024 | ▼ 37.6% | WB |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $2.78B | 2024 | ▲ 23.8% | WB |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $527.7M | 2024 | ▲ 15.9% | WB |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 2.2% | 2024 | ▼ 1.0% | WB |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 22.5% | 2023 | ▼ 26.9% | WB |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -10.4% | 2024 | ▼ 1850.7% | WB |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-2.49B | 2024 | ▼ 2149.6% | WB |
▶External Debt7 indicators · 2023–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| External Debt (% of GNI) | 181.9% | 2024 | ▼ 6.1% | WB |
| External Debt Stocks (USD) | $38.02B | 2024 | ▲ 8.5% | WB |
| Total Debt Service (% of GNI) | 25.7% | 2024 | ▼ 8.0% | WB |
| Present Value of External Debt (USD) | $8.09B | 2024 | — | WB |
| Use of IMF Credit (USD) | $287.8M | 2024 | ▼ 24.2% | WB |
| Net ODA Received (% of GNI) | 1.4% | 2023 | ▼ 21.9% | WB |
| Net ODA Received (USD) | $260.2M | 2023 | ▼ 8.9% | WB |
▶Finance4 indicators · 2023–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 38.6% | 2023 | ▼ 5.8% | WB |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 98.3% | 2024 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 99.0% | 2024 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 97.5% | 2024 | ▼ 0.4% | WB |
▶People23 indicators · 2023–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 3.5M | 2024 | ▲ 1.3% | WB |
| Population Growth (%) | 1.2% | 2024 | ▼ 9.1% | WB |
| Population Density (per km²) | 2 | 2023 | ▲ 1.3% | WB |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 1.6M | 2023 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Land Area (sq km) | 1.6M | 2023 | ▲ 0.1% | WB |
| Urban Population (%) | 71.0% | 2024 | ▲ 0.7% | WB |
| Urban Population (total) | 2.5M | 2024 | ▲ 2.0% | WB |
| Rural Population (%) | 29.0% | 2024 | ▼ 1.7% | WB |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 72.1 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.3% | WB |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 67.6 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.4% | WB |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 76.8 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.2% | WB |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 2.7 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 19 | 2023 | ▼ 2.6% | WB |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 5.5 | 2023 | ▼ 1.8% | WB |
| Net Migration | 79 | 2025 | ▼ 4.8% | WB |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 32.2% | 2024 | ▼ 1.4% | WB |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 62.7% | 2024 | ▲ 0.3% | WB |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 5.1% | 2024 | ▲ 5.6% | WB |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 59.6% | 2024 | ▼ 0.7% | WB |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 8.2% | 2024 | ▲ 5.3% | WB |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 51.4% | 2024 | ▼ 1.6% | WB |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 273.8 | 2023 | ▼ 0.8% | WB |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 108.9 | 2023 | ▼ 1.4% | WB |
▶Labor20 indicators · 2024–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 1.5M | 2025 | ▲ 1.1% | WB |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 59.7% | 2025 | ▼ 1.0% | WB |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 51.5% | 2025 | ▼ 1.2% | WB |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 68.2% | 2025 | ▼ 0.9% | WB |
| Unemployment (%) | 5.2% | 2025 | ▲ 1.5% | WB |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 4.5% | 2025 | ▲ 3.9% | WB |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 5.8% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 11.7% | 2025 | ▲ 1.5% | WB |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 27.0% | 2025 | ▼ 0.9% | WB |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 23.1% | 2025 | ▲ 0.7% | WB |
| Employment in Services (%) | 49.9% | 2025 | ▲ 0.2% | WB |
| Self-Employed (%) | 61.8% | 2024 | ▲ 2.3% | WB |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 38.4% | 2025 | ▼ 1.0% | WB |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 58.8% | 2025 | ▲ 0.7% | WB |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 6.1% | 2024 | ▲ 5.0% | WB |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 2.8% | 2025 | ▲ 0.4% | WB |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 43.9% | 2025 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 56.6% | 2025 | ▼ 1.1% | WB |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 41.2% | 2025 | ▼ 0.9% | WB |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 9.9% | 2024 | ▼ 32.3% | WB |
▶Education20 indicators · 2017–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 3.7% | 2023 | — | WB |
| Education Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 13.8% | 2024 | ▲ 20.1% | WB |
| Adult Literacy Rate (%) | 98.6% | 2023 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Female Literacy Rate (%) | 98.9% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Male Literacy Rate (%) | 98.3% | 2023 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
| Youth Literacy Rate (%) | 99.5% | 2023 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 92.3% | 2024 | ▼ 0.8% | WB |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 96.8% | 2023 | ▲ 3.5% | WB |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 69.0% | 2024 | ▲ 1.6% | WB |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 93.5% | 2024 | ▼ 0.7% | WB |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 89.1% | 2024 | ▼ 8.0% | WB |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 35,209 | 2024 | ▲ 10.8% | WB |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 15,550 | 2024 | ▲ 21.0% | WB |
| Primary School Teachers | 11,972 | 2024 | ▲ 0.9% | WB |
| Secondary School Teachers | 25,798 | 2024 | ▲ 2.7% | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 30 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 32.2% | 2017 | — | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 98.6 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 29.2% | 2017 | — | WB |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 6.4% | 2017 | — | WB |
▶Health39 indicators · 2019–2024 · WHO
▶Energy & Environment15 indicators · 2020–2024 · WB / WHO
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 7.8 | 2024 | ▲ 0.6% | WB |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 28 | 2024 | ▲ 1.9% | WB |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 1,891 | 2022 | ▼ 1.7% | WB |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 2,546 | 2022 | ▲ 4.9% | WB |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 10.9% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 3.0% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 100.0% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 55.8% | 2023 | ▲ 2.8% | WB |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 29.7 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Forest Area (%) | 9.1% | 2023 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 141,695 | 2023 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Arable Land (%) | 0.7% | 2023 | ▲ 0.7% | WB |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 19.8% | 2024 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 86.1% | 2024 | ▲ 0.9% | WHO |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 74.3% | 2024 | ▲ 1.9% | WHO |
▶Agriculture12 indicators · 2022–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 69.0% | 2023 | ▼ 4.1% | WB |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 1,296 | 2023 | ▲ 16.4% | WB |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 157.9 | 2022 | ▲ 24.3% | WB |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 122.9 | 2022 | ▼ 11.1% | WB |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 159.4 | 2022 | ▲ 27.7% | WB |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 363,061 | 2023 | ▼ 5.7% | WB |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 0 | 2023 | — | WB |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 47.4 | 2023 | ▼ 0.7% | WB |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 2.5% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Agricultural Irrigated Land (%) | 0.0% | 2023 | ▼ 33.9% | WB |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 1.3% | 2022 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 470,337 | 2023 | ▲ 9.7% | WB |
▶Technology13 indicators · 2021–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 83.0% | 2023 | ▲ 1.0% | WB |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 141 | 2023 | ▼ 1.2% | WB |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 14.6 | 2023 | ▲ 12.8% | WB |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 2,564.1 | 2024 | ▲ 8.9% | WB |
| R&D Spending (% of GDP) | 0.08% | 2022 | ▼ 16.4% | WB |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 109 | 2021 | ▲ 65.2% | WB |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 77 | 2021 | ▼ 6.1% | WB |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 262 | 2022 | ▼ 7.7% | WB |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $58.7M | 2023 | ▲ 14.7% | WB |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 3.9% | 2024 | ▲ 3.0% | WB |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $61.8M | 2024 | ▲ 4.1% | WB |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 1,391 | 2021 | ▲ 125.4% | WB |
| Researchers in R&D (per million) | 535 | 2022 | ▼ 21.4% | WB |
▶Infrastructure8 indicators · 2021–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 773,702 | 2023 | ▲ 116.1% | WB |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 26.5 | 2023 | ▲ 108.4% | WB |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 1,821 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Railways, Passengers (million km) | 91 | 2021 | ▼ 84.3% | WB |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 18,345 | 2021 | ▼ 3.3% | WB |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 2.50 | 2022 | — | WB |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 4.4% | 2022 | ▼ 4.4% | WB |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 0.0% | 2021 | — | WB |
▶Gender8 indicators · 2018–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 25.4% | 2024 | ▲ 48.5% | WB |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 54.0% | 2024 | ▲ 2.4% | WB |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 61.0% | 2025 | ▲ 0.5% | WB |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 99.9% | 2018 | — | WB |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 19.7 | 2023 | ▼ 3.9% | WB |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 102.14 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.02 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 0.98 | 2021 | — | WB |
▶Governance10 indicators · 2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | -0.49 | 2023 | ▲ 12.2% | WB |
| Government Effectiveness | -0.47 | 2023 | ▼ 11.0% | WB |
| Political Stability | 0.59 | 2023 | ▲ 11.8% | WB |
| Regulatory Quality | -0.18 | 2023 | ▲ 35.2% | WB |
| Rule of Law | -0.18 | 2023 | ▲ 1.8% | WB |
| Voice & Accountability | 0.25 | 2023 | ▼ 5.4% | WB |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 35.4% | 2023 | ▲ 8.7% | WB |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 34.0% | 2023 | ▼ 2.7% | WB |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 43.9% | 2023 | ▼ 4.1% | WB |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 67.3% | 2023 | ▲ 7.3% | WB |
▶Military6 indicators · 2020–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 0.7% | 2024 | ▲ 36.8% | WB |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $180.8M | 2024 | ▲ 62.2% | WB |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 18,000 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 1.3% | 2020 | — | WB |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 2.0% | 2024 | ▲ 17.1% | WB |
| Intentional Homicides (per 100,000) | 5.9 | 2023 | ▼ 0.8% | WB |
▶Poverty & Inequality10 indicators · 2022 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 0.4% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 2.3% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 24.4% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 27.1% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Gini Index | 31.4 | 2022 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 24.6% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 3.4% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 39.8% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 8.2% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 0.1% | 2022 | — | WB |
▶Social Protection8 indicators · 2020 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Insurance Coverage (%) | 37.0% | 2020 | — | — |
| Social Assistance Coverage (%) | 87.1% | 2020 | — | — |
| Labor Market Programs Coverage (%) | 1.1% | 2020 | — | — |
| Social Protection Coverage (%) | 92.6% | 2020 | — | — |
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.61 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.64 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.59 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 9.2 years | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Tourism5 indicators · 2020 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 66,900 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $49.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $573.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 0.6% | 2020 | — | WB |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $20.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Urban Development8 indicators · 2022–2025 · WB / WHO
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | 2.0% | 2024 | ▼ 15.0% | WB |
| Population in Largest City | 1.7M | 2025 | ▲ 1.5% | WB |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 68.0% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Population in Agglomerations >1M (% of total) | 48.4% | 2025 | ▲ 0.3% | WB |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 17.9% | 2022 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | -0.5% | 2024 | ▲ 41.5% | WB |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 43.4% | 2024 | ▲ 2.6% | WHO |
| Access to Safely Managed Sanitation (%) | 69.9% | 2024 | ▲ 1.9% | WHO |
