Madagascar
MDGSub-Saharan Africa Low incomeCapital: AntananarivoEconomy
Fiscal
People
Health
Education
Trade
Energy / Env
Tech
Governance
Equality
Infra
Labor
77/80 indicators · percentile vs world (IMF / WB / WHO)underover
GDP
$23
2027▲ 8.8%
Population
32.0M
2024▲ 2.5%
GDP per Capita
$691
2027▲ 5.9%
Life Expectancy
63.6 years
2023▲ 0.9%
Madagascar in world space2000–2023
192 countries · log scale on X world Madagascar· trajectory line: 1980 → today
▶About Madagascar
Madagascar's GDP is $21.09B (2026), with a population of 32.0M, and GDP per capita of $653. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 4.3%, inflation at 7.2%, government debt at 50.9% of GDP, life expectancy of 63.6 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators.
Located in Sub-Saharan Africa, the economy is classified as low income. The capital, Antananarivo, serves as the economic hub. Projected GDP growth for 2026 is 4.3%, with a total GDP of $21.091 billion and a GDP per capita of $652.604. Inflation is anticipated to be 7.2% in 2026. Trade constitutes a significant portion of the economy, with trade/GDP ratio at 54.9795881437152% in 2024. Unemployment is expected to be 3.041% in 2025. The population is approximately 31,964,956 as of 2024. Life expectancy stands at 63.632 years in 2023. The society faces challenges typical of low-income economies, with a focus on agriculture and natural resource management. Efforts are ongoing to improve healthcare and education to enhance overall social welfare.
▶Economy30 indicators · 2021–2027 · IMF / WB
▶Fiscal & Monetary22 indicators · 2022–2027 · IMF / WB
▶Trade15 indicators · 2022–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 55.0% | 2024 | ▼ 10.1% | WB |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 23.3% | 2024 | ▼ 13.9% | WB |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 31.7% | 2024 | ▼ 7.1% | WB |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $4.05B | 2024 | ▼ 5.4% | WB |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $5.53B | 2024 | ▲ 2.0% | WB |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $2.58B | 2024 | ▼ 22.7% | WB |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $4.83B | 2024 | ▼ 0.6% | WB |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | 3.5% | 2024 | ▲ 6.3% | WB |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | 0.8% | 2024 | ▼ 31.2% | WB |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $606.2M | 2024 | ▲ 16.7% | WB |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $406.3M | 2024 | ▲ 30.4% | WB |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 2.3% | 2024 | ▲ 18.8% | WB |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 0.5% | 2023 | ▲ 37.1% | WB |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -5.4% | 2022 | ▼ 7.6% | WB |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-829.4M | 2022 | ▼ 14.9% | WB |
▶External Debt7 indicators · 2023–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| External Debt (% of GNI) | 39.2% | 2024 | ▼ 5.3% | WB |
| External Debt Stocks (USD) | $6.65B | 2024 | ▲ 3.5% | WB |
| Total Debt Service (% of GNI) | 1.7% | 2024 | ▲ 0.4% | WB |
| Present Value of External Debt (USD) | $3.33B | 2024 | — | WB |
| Use of IMF Credit (USD) | $1.30B | 2024 | ▼ 3.5% | WB |
| Net ODA Received (% of GNI) | 8.1% | 2023 | ▲ 20.2% | WB |
| Net ODA Received (USD) | $1.25B | 2023 | ▲ 24.8% | WB |
▶Finance7 indicators · 2022–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 16.6% | 2024 | ▼ 2.7% | WB |
| Bank Capital to Assets Ratio (%) | 7.1% | 2023 | ▲ 12.1% | WB |
| Bank Nonperforming Loans (%) | 7.6% | 2023 | ▼ 5.3% | WB |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 24.5% | 2024 | ▼ 7.0% | WB |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 20.3% | 2024 | ▼ 19.5% | WB |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 29.0% | 2024 | ▲ 5.3% | WB |
| Firms Using Banks to Finance Investment (%) | 4.1% | 2022 | — | WB |
▶Business Environment1 indicator · 2022 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Get Electricity (days) | 73 | 2022 | — | WB |
▶Private Sector6 indicators · 2022 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firms Expected to Pay Bribes (%) | 19.5% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Firms with Female Top Manager (%) | 24.2% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Firms with Female Participation in Ownership (%) | 37.3% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Firms Offering Training (%) | 10.5% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Average Firm Age (years) | 12 years | 2022 | — | WB |
| Firms Using Computers (%) | 46.0% | 2022 | — | WB |
▶People23 indicators · 2023–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 32.0M | 2024 | ▲ 2.5% | WB |
| Population Growth (%) | 2.4% | 2024 | ▼ 1.1% | WB |
| Population Density (per km²) | 54 | 2023 | ▲ 2.5% | WB |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 587,295 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Land Area (sq km) | 581,800 | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Urban Population (%) | 32.4% | 2024 | ▲ 1.4% | WB |
| Urban Population (total) | 10.4M | 2024 | ▲ 3.9% | WB |
| Rural Population (%) | 67.6% | 2024 | ▼ 0.7% | WB |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 63.6 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.9% | WB |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 61.9 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.9% | WB |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 65.4 years | 2023 | ▲ 0.9% | WB |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 4 | 2023 | ▼ 1.6% | WB |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 32.1 | 2023 | ▼ 1.2% | WB |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 7.5 | 2023 | ▼ 2.6% | WB |
| Net Migration | -2,227 | 2025 | ▼ 24.1% | WB |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 39.3% | 2024 | ▼ 0.8% | WB |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 57.3% | 2024 | ▲ 0.4% | WB |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 3.4% | 2024 | ▲ 2.1% | WB |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 74.4% | 2024 | ▼ 1.0% | WB |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 5.9% | 2024 | ▲ 1.7% | WB |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 68.5% | 2024 | ▼ 1.2% | WB |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 258.6 | 2023 | ▼ 4.4% | WB |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 207.4 | 2023 | ▼ 5.0% | WB |
▶Labor20 indicators · 2022–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 17.1M | 2025 | ▲ 3.0% | WB |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 85.5% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 82.9% | 2025 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 88.1% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Unemployment (%) | 3.0% | 2025 | ▼ 0.3% | WB |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 3.3% | 2025 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 2.8% | 2025 | ▼ 0.6% | WB |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 5.2% | 2025 | ▼ 3.9% | WB |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 69.2% | 2025 | ▼ 0.4% | WB |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 9.9% | 2025 | ▲ 0.4% | WB |
| Employment in Services (%) | 20.9% | 2025 | ▲ 1.3% | WB |
| Self-Employed (%) | 75.0% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 84.4% | 2025 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 11.7% | 2025 | ▲ 1.7% | WB |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 36.5% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 3.9% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 48.6% | 2025 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 82.9% | 2025 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 88.3% | 2025 | ▼ 0.2% | WB |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 24.3% | 2022 | — | WB |
▶Education20 indicators · 2012–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 3.0% | 2023 | ▼ 0.7% | WB |
| Adult Literacy Rate (%) | 74.7% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Female Literacy Rate (%) | 71.8% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Male Literacy Rate (%) | 77.9% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Youth Literacy Rate (%) | 82.4% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 132.7% | 2024 | ▲ 1.6% | WB |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 34.1% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 6.1% | 2023 | ▲ 4.6% | WB |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 60.7% | 2024 | ▲ 4.1% | WB |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 30.9% | 2024 | ▼ 0.3% | WB |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 135,621 | 2024 | ▲ 4.7% | WB |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 78,735 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Primary School Teachers | 138,648 | 2024 | ▲ 2.5% | WB |
| Secondary School Teachers | 78,148 | 2019 | — | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 40 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Secondary | 19 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 47.4% | 2012 | — | WB |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 31.6 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 19.3% | 2012 | — | WB |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 0.0% | 2017 | — | WB |
▶Health41 indicators · 2019–2024 · WHO
▶Energy & Environment16 indicators · 2020–2024 · WB / WHO
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 0.1 | 2024 | ▼ 0.5% | WB |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 5 | 2024 | ▲ 1.9% | WB |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 309 | 2022 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 81 | 2022 | ▲ 1.3% | WB |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 34.0% | 2021 | ▼ 19.3% | WB |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 83.1% | 2022 | ▼ 0.6% | WB |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 39.4% | 2023 | ▲ 9.1% | WB |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 1.6% | 2023 | ▲ 6.7% | WB |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 12.8 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Forest Area (%) | 21.3% | 2023 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 123,902 | 2023 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Arable Land (%) | 5.2% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 5.1% | 2024 | ▲ 64.5% | WB |
| Marine Protected Areas (%) | 1.3% | 2024 | ▲ 44.4% | WB |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 55.3% | 2024 | ▲ 1.5% | WHO |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 15.4% | 2024 | ▲ 0.5% | WHO |
▶Agriculture11 indicators · 2022–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 70.3% | 2023 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 2,426 | 2023 | ▼ 18.5% | WB |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 105.9 | 2022 | ▲ 1.9% | WB |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 108.2 | 2022 | ▲ 2.3% | WB |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 94.4 | 2022 | ▼ 0.0% | WB |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 2.2M | 2023 | ▲ 28.5% | WB |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 139,962 | 2023 | ▲ 9.7% | WB |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 7.3 | 2023 | ▲ 5.9% | WB |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 39.5% | 2023 | ▼ 1.0% | WB |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 4.0% | 2022 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 5.4M | 2023 | ▲ 4.8% | WB |
▶Technology11 indicators · 2021–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 20.4% | 2023 | ▲ 9.8% | WB |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 75 | 2023 | ▲ 16.5% | WB |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 0.1 | 2023 | ▲ 15.8% | WB |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 25.1 | 2024 | ▲ 13.0% | WB |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 6 | 2021 | ▲ 0.0% | WB |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 22 | 2021 | ▲ 4.8% | WB |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 157 | 2022 | ▼ 10.1% | WB |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $7.9M | 2024 | ▲ 98.7% | WB |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 20.9% | 2022 | ▼ 36.8% | WB |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $238.5M | 2022 | ▲ 10.3% | WB |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 328 | 2021 | ▲ 58.5% | WB |
▶Infrastructure8 indicators · 2014–2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 313,313 | 2023 | ▲ 25.1% | WB |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 2.5 | 2023 | ▼ 60.7% | WB |
| Container Port Traffic (TEU) | 199,713 | 2019 | — | WB |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 673 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 122 | 2014 | — | WB |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 2.30 | 2022 | — | WB |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 46.0% | 2022 | ▼ 5.2% | WB |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 0.0% | 2021 | — | WB |
▶Gender9 indicators · 2018–2025 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 16.0% | 2024 | ▼ 14.0% | WB |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 68.9% | 2022 | — | WB |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 9.4% | 2025 | ▲ 2.3% | WB |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 157.2% | 2018 | — | WB |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 129.8 | 2023 | ▼ 1.3% | WB |
| Women Who Believe Husband Can Beat Wife (%) | 40.6% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 155.53 | 2018 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.04 | 2019 | — | WB |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 1.02 | 2019 | — | WB |
▶Governance10 indicators · 2023 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | -1 | 2023 | ▼ 3.1% | WB |
| Government Effectiveness | -1.02 | 2023 | ▼ 5.2% | WB |
| Political Stability | -0.69 | 2023 | ▼ 43.7% | WB |
| Regulatory Quality | -0.8 | 2023 | ▲ 2.0% | WB |
| Rule of Law | -0.97 | 2023 | ▼ 2.6% | WB |
| Voice & Accountability | -0.32 | 2023 | ▼ 8.8% | WB |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 18.4% | 2023 | ▼ 4.9% | WB |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 13.7% | 2023 | ▼ 6.5% | WB |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 18.9% | 2023 | ▲ 2.6% | WB |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 19.9% | 2023 | ▼ 29.7% | WB |
▶Military5 indicators · 2020–2024 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 0.7% | 2024 | ▲ 9.4% | WB |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $121.6M | 2024 | ▲ 19.4% | WB |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 22,000 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 0.2% | 2020 | — | WB |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 4.2% | 2024 | ▲ 17.0% | WB |
▶Poverty & Inequality10 indicators · 2021 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 69.2% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 83.9% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 96.6% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 75.2% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Gini Index | 36.8 | 2021 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 29.6% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 2.9% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 44.7% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 7.2% | 2021 | — | WB |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 27.6% | 2021 | — | WB |
▶Social Protection4 indicators · 2020 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.39 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.40 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.38 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 4.7 years | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Tourism5 indicators · 2020 · WB
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 87,100 | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $202.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $97.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 7.8% | 2020 | — | WB |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $57.0M | 2020 | — | WB |
▶Urban Development8 indicators · 2022–2025 · WB / WHO
| Indicator | Value | Year | Δ YoY | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | 3.8% | 2024 | ▼ 0.1% | WB |
| Population in Largest City | 4.2M | 2025 | ▲ 4.5% | WB |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 39.3% | 2025 | ▲ 0.5% | WB |
| Population in Agglomerations >1M (% of total) | 12.9% | 2025 | ▲ 2.0% | WB |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 65.7% | 2022 | ▼ 2.5% | WB |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | 1.8% | 2024 | ▼ 2.8% | WB |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 22.1% | 2024 | ▲ 1.8% | WHO |
| Access to Safely Managed Sanitation (%) | 12.8% | 2024 | ▲ 0.4% | WHO |
