Madagascar · Urban PM2.5 Concentration (WHO)
12.22023
Unit: micrograms per cubic metre. Publisher measure: Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
Annual population-weighted PM2.5 concentration in urban areas, matching WHO SDG11.6.2 metadata; label urban scope explicitly.
Measurement basis: model-based estimate.
Displayed values are rounded, with extra precision when needed to keep a positive estimate positive. Downloads retain the full numeric estimate and the publisher's original display text separately.
A “<” sign means strictly below the stated number. Numeric readings and uncertainty endpoints keep their own comparison signs. A number without a sign does not establish certainty or an observed outcome.
World Health Organization (Global Health Observatory); retrieved 2026-09-07. Retrieval time is separate from an official publisher release vintage.
Download this immutable source capture · Source and coverage corrections
One row per country, indicator and year, with raw values, source links and reuse notices. Thresholds have an empty numeric value and separate number/operator fields; value_kind distinguishes upper bounds from absent readings.
History and uncertainty
Charts plot numeric readings. Reported upper bounds create gaps; their values, uncertainty endpoints and source notes remain available in the table and downloads.
Reported estimates and uncertainty · 14 rows
Each comparison sign applies to its own reading or uncertainty endpoint. Values retain source precision. “Not reported” identifies an absent reading or uncertainty endpoint in this source capture.
| Country | Year | Reading | Lower endpoint | Upper endpoint | Publisher note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madagascar | 2010 | 12.167433497 | 9.326964061 | 16.015025852 | — |
| Madagascar | 2011 | 12.240765047 | 9.312532246 | 16.044763074 | — |
| Madagascar | 2012 | 11.956425332 | 9.085146476 | 15.470376938 | — |
| Madagascar | 2013 | 12.223276512 | 9.402722947 | 16.011430459 | — |
| Madagascar | 2014 | 11.985338358 | 9.187578886 | 15.537258986 | — |
| Madagascar | 2015 | 12.22906335 | 9.36561553 | 15.901070394 | — |
| Madagascar | 2016 | 12.262102099 | 9.525562157 | 16.190123362 | — |
| Madagascar | 2017 | 11.974346975 | 9.200465046 | 15.471285781 | — |
| Madagascar | 2018 | 12.120239192 | 9.350686171 | 15.783701961 | — |
| Madagascar | 2019 | 12.194151783 | 9.416856187 | 15.650177076 | — |
| Madagascar | 2020 | 11.954926336 | 9.270442729 | 15.360626293 | — |
| Madagascar | 2021 | 12.165176466 | 9.408283623 | 15.676806594 | — |
| Madagascar | 2022 | 12.429250606 | 9.580664917 | 16.094052287 | — |
| Madagascar | 2023 | 12.19254995 | 9.493469058 | 15.667014312 | — |
One row per country, indicator and year, with raw values, source links and reuse notices. Thresholds have an empty numeric value and separate number/operator fields; value_kind distinguishes upper bounds from absent readings.