Romania
Capital: BucharestRegion: Europe & Central AsiaIncome: High income
Romania's GDP is $444.81B (2026), with a population of 19.1M, and GDP per capita of $23,768. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 1.4%, inflation at 6.7%, unemployment at 5.8%, government debt at 62.5% of GDP, life expectancy of 76.6 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators. Explore Romania's full economic profile with 440+ indicators, interactive charts, and historical data below.
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook
Economy
Financial Markets
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Exchange Rate (per USD) | 4.42 | 2026 |
Fiscal & Monetary
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Inflation, Consumer Prices (%) | 6.7% | 2026 |
| Govt Gross Debt (% of GDP) | 62.5% | 2026 |
| Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) | -5.8% | 2026 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -6.6% | 2026 |
| Unemployment Rate (%) | 5.8% | 2026 |
| Inflation, CPI (%, World Bank) | 5.7% | 2024 |
| Real Interest Rate (%) | -0.8% | 2024 |
| Lending Interest Rate (%) | 8.8% | 2024 |
| Deposit Interest Rate (%) | 5.5% | 2024 |
| Government Revenue (% of GDP) | 31.7% | 2022 |
| Government Expenditure (% of GDP) | 37.3% | 2022 |
| Tax Revenue (% of GDP) | 16.2% | 2022 |
| Taxes on Goods & Services (% of revenue) | 32.4% | 2022 |
| Taxes on International Trade (% of revenue) | 0.0% | 2022 |
| Taxes on Income, Profits & Capital Gains (% of rev) | 18.6% | 2022 |
| Net Investment in Nonfinancial Assets (% of GDP) | 2.1% | 2022 |
| Total Reserves incl. Gold (USD) | $73.39B | 2024 |
| Total Reserves (months of imports) | 4.9 | 2024 |
| Official Exchange Rate (per USD) | 4.6 | 2024 |
| PPP Conversion Factor | 1.88 | 2024 |
| Broad Money (% of GDP) | 41.9% | 2023 |
Trade
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 77.2% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 35.6% | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 41.6% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $136.20B | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $159.19B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $100.31B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $136.42B | 2024 |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | 1.9% | 2024 |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | 0.5% | 2024 |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $7.16B | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $9.53B | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 2.5% | 2024 |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 13.4% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -8.2% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-31.21B | 2024 |
Finance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 22.7% | 2024 |
| Stock Market Capitalization (% of GDP) | 12.4% | 2024 |
| Stock Market Capitalization (USD) | $47.41B | 2024 |
| Stock Market Turnover (% of GDP) | 0.8% | 2024 |
| Listed Domestic Companies | 83 | 2024 |
| Bank Capital to Assets Ratio (%) | 8.5% | 2022 |
| Bank Nonperforming Loans (%) | 2.7% | 2022 |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 71.3% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 69.9% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 72.9% | 2024 |
| Firms Using Banks to Finance Investment (%) | 24.7% | 2023 |
Business Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Get Electricity (days) | 92 | 2023 |
Private Sector
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Firms Expected to Pay Bribes (%) | 1.9% | 2023 |
| Firms with Female Top Manager (%) | 26.7% | 2023 |
| Firms with Female Participation in Ownership (%) | 19.0% | 2023 |
| Firms Offering Training (%) | 17.6% | 2023 |
| Average Firm Age (years) | 38 years | 2023 |
| Firms Using Computers (%) | 11.9% | 2023 |
People
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 19.1M | 2024 |
| Population Growth (%) | -0.0% | 2024 |
| Population Density (per km²) | 83 | 2023 |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 238,400 | 2023 |
| Land Area (sq km) | 230,080 | 2023 |
| Urban Population (%) | 52.2% | 2024 |
| Urban Population (total) | 9.9M | 2024 |
| Rural Population (%) | 47.8% | 2024 |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 76.6 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 72.9 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 80.5 years | 2023 |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 1.7 | 2023 |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 8 | 2023 |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 12.7 | 2023 |
| Net Migration | -29,041 | 2025 |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 15.7% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 64.3% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 20.0% | 2024 |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 55.5% | 2024 |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 31.1% | 2024 |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 24.4% | 2024 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 179.6 | 2023 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 73.1 | 2023 |
Labor
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 8.2M | 2025 |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 51.3% | 2025 |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 41.8% | 2025 |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 61.7% | 2025 |
| Unemployment (%) | 6.0% | 2025 |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 5.6% | 2025 |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 6.3% | 2025 |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 24.5% | 2025 |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 10.9% | 2025 |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 32.6% | 2025 |
| Employment in Services (%) | 56.5% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (%) | 52.0% | 2024 |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 13.0% | 2025 |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 85.5% | 2025 |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 15.1% | 2024 |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 1.4% | 2025 |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 42.4% | 2025 |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 48.3% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 14.5% | 2025 |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 17.4% | 2024 |
Education
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 3.3% | 2022 |
| Education Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 8.8% | 2022 |
| Adult Literacy Rate (%) | 99.2% | 2021 |
| Female Literacy Rate (%) | 99.3% | 2021 |
| Male Literacy Rate (%) | 99.0% | 2021 |
| Youth Literacy Rate (%) | 99.9% | 2021 |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 84.9% | 2023 |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 81.6% | 2023 |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 55.2% | 2023 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 81.0% | 2023 |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 78.0% | 2023 |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 160,246 | 2023 |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 78,616 | 2023 |
| Primary School Teachers | 47,769 | 2023 |
| Secondary School Teachers | 125,405 | 2023 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 19 | 2017 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Secondary | 12 | 2017 |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 12.5% | 2016 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 96.1 | 2022 |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 39.1% | 2016 |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 23.8% | 2016 |
Health
Energy & Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 3.7 | 2024 |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 71 | 2024 |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 1,601 | 2023 |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 2,585 | 2023 |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 44.9% | 2021 |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 23.6% | 2021 |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 100.0% | 2023 |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 100.0% | 2023 |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 14.9 | 2020 |
| Forest Area (%) | 30.1% | 2023 |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 69,291 | 2023 |
| Arable Land (%) | 36.5% | 2023 |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 24.3% | 2024 |
| Marine Protected Areas (%) | 22.1% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 100.0% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 90.5% | 2024 |
Agriculture
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 55.3% | 2023 |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 4,021 | 2023 |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 85.2 | 2022 |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 85.4 | 2022 |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 83.6 | 2022 |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 5.2M | 2023 |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 6,614 | 2023 |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 91.6 | 2023 |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 2.5% | 2023 |
| Agricultural Irrigated Land (%) | 4.1% | 2023 |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 19.2% | 2022 |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 20.8M | 2023 |
Technology
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 91.3% | 2024 |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 123 | 2023 |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 34.7 | 2023 |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 27,229.6 | 2024 |
| R&D Spending (% of GDP) | 0.46% | 2022 |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 772 | 2021 |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 45 | 2021 |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 11,670 | 2022 |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $10.71B | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 25.6% | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $11.00B | 2024 |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 378 | 2021 |
| Researchers in R&D (per million) | 999 | 2022 |
Infrastructure
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 2.8M | 2023 |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 2.3 | 2023 |
| Container Port Traffic (TEU) | 772,046 | 2022 |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 10,769 | 2021 |
| Railways, Passengers (million km) | 5,906 | 2019 |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 13,312 | 2019 |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 3.20 | 2022 |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 1.2% | 2023 |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 19.3% | 2023 |
Gender
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 19.2% | 2024 |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 42.7% | 2024 |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 89.0% | 2025 |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 86.8% | 2017 |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 33.8 | 2023 |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 86.86 | 2017 |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.00 | 2020 |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 0.99 | 2020 |
Governance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | 0.04 | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness | -0.09 | 2023 |
| Political Stability | 0.37 | 2023 |
| Regulatory Quality | 0.32 | 2023 |
| Rule of Law | 0.44 | 2023 |
| Voice & Accountability | 0.5 | 2023 |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 56.1% | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 46.7% | 2023 |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 64.2% | 2023 |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 56.4% | 2023 |
Military
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 2.3% | 2024 |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $8.72B | 2024 |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 128,000 | 2020 |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 1.5% | 2020 |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 5.9% | 2024 |
| Intentional Homicides (per 100,000) | 1.1 | 2023 |
Poverty & Inequality
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 0.7% | 2023 |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 1.3% | 2023 |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 5.1% | 2023 |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 19.0% | 2023 |
| Gini Index | 29.8 | 2023 |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 21.8% | 2023 |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 2.4% | 2023 |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 36.9% | 2023 |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 7.0% | 2023 |
| Shared Prosperity Premium (%) | 7.9% | 2023 |
| Survey Mean Consumption (2017 PPP $ per day) | 32.66 | 2023 |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 0.3% | 2023 |
Social Protection
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Social Insurance Coverage (%) | 39.2% | 2021 |
| Social Assistance Coverage (%) | 59.0% | 2021 |
| Labor Market Programs Coverage (%) | 0.8% | 2021 |
| Social Protection Coverage (%) | 79.8% | 2021 |
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.58 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.61 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.56 | 2020 |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 8.4 years | 2020 |
Tourism
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 5.0M | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Departures | 9.5M | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $1.61B | 2020 |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $3.47B | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 1.7% | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $178.0M | 2020 |
Urban Development
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | -0.0% | 2024 |
| Population in Largest City | 1.8M | 2025 |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 17.8% | 2025 |
| Population in Agglomerations >1M (% of total) | 9.3% | 2025 |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 2.5% | 2022 |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | -0.1% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 82.2% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Sanitation (%) | 89.8% | 2024 |
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