Kazakhstan
Capital: AstanaRegion: Europe & Central AsiaIncome: Upper middle income
Kazakhstan's GDP is $319.77B (2026), with a population of 20.6M, and GDP per capita of $15,527. Key indicators include real GDP growth of 4.8%, inflation at 11.2%, unemployment at 4.6%, government debt at 26.4% of GDP, life expectancy of 74.4 years. Data sourced from the IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank World Development Indicators. Explore Kazakhstan's full economic profile with 440+ indicators, interactive charts, and historical data below.
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook
Economy
Fiscal & Monetary
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Inflation, Consumer Prices (%) | 11.2% | 2026 |
| Govt Gross Debt (% of GDP) | 26.4% | 2026 |
| Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) | -2.3% | 2026 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -4.0% | 2026 |
| Unemployment Rate (%) | 4.6% | 2026 |
| Inflation, CPI (%, World Bank) | 8.8% | 2024 |
| Government Debt (% of GDP) | 20.9% | 2023 |
| Government Revenue (% of GDP) | 16.5% | 2023 |
| Government Expenditure (% of GDP) | 17.4% | 2023 |
| Tax Revenue (% of GDP) | 11.9% | 2023 |
| Taxes on Goods & Services (% of revenue) | 30.0% | 2023 |
| Taxes on International Trade (% of revenue) | 13.2% | 2023 |
| Taxes on Income, Profits & Capital Gains (% of rev) | 27.1% | 2023 |
| Net Investment in Nonfinancial Assets (% of GDP) | 0.6% | 2023 |
| Total Reserves incl. Gold (USD) | $45.81B | 2024 |
| Total Reserves (months of imports) | 5.3 | 2024 |
| Official Exchange Rate (per USD) | 468.96 | 2024 |
| PPP Conversion Factor | 162.33 | 2024 |
| Broad Money (% of GDP) | 33.4% | 2024 |
Trade
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Trade (% of GDP) | 57.2% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 31.6% | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (% of GDP) | 25.6% | 2024 |
| Exports of Goods & Services (USD) | $92.07B | 2024 |
| Imports of Goods & Services (USD) | $74.54B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Exports (USD) | $82.47B | 2024 |
| Merchandise Imports (USD) | $59.13B | 2024 |
| FDI Inflows (% of GDP) | 0.7% | 2024 |
| FDI Outflows (% of GDP) | -0.7% | 2024 |
| FDI Net Inflows (USD) | $1.98B | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (USD) | $240.8M | 2024 |
| Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP) | 0.1% | 2024 |
| High-Tech Exports (% of manufactured) | 42.2% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -2.7% | 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (USD) | $-7.94B | 2024 |
External Debt
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| External Debt (% of GNI) | 62.6% | 2024 |
| External Debt Stocks (USD) | $167.54B | 2024 |
| Total Debt Service (% of GNI) | 17.3% | 2024 |
| Present Value of External Debt (USD) | $31.66B | 2024 |
| Use of IMF Credit (USD) | $1.90B | 2024 |
| Net ODA Received (% of GNI) | 0.0% | 2023 |
| Net ODA Received (USD) | $79.1M | 2023 |
Finance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Domestic Credit by Financial Sector (% of GDP) | 42.1% | 2024 |
| Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP) | 27.3% | 2024 |
| Stock Market Capitalization (% of GDP) | 21.6% | 2024 |
| Stock Market Capitalization (USD) | $62.82B | 2024 |
| Stock Market Turnover (% of GDP) | 0.2% | 2024 |
| Listed Domestic Companies | 79 | 2024 |
| Bank Capital to Assets Ratio (%) | 12.8% | 2023 |
| Bank Nonperforming Loans (%) | 2.9% | 2023 |
| Account Ownership at Financial Institution (%) | 87.0% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Female (%) | 85.7% | 2024 |
| Account Ownership, Male (%) | 88.5% | 2024 |
| Firms Using Banks to Finance Investment (%) | 27.6% | 2024 |
Business Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Get Electricity (days) | 15 | 2024 |
Private Sector
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Firms Expected to Pay Bribes (%) | 12.4% | 2024 |
| Firms with Female Top Manager (%) | 30.1% | 2024 |
| Firms with Female Participation in Ownership (%) | 31.1% | 2024 |
| Firms Offering Training (%) | 12.1% | 2024 |
| Average Firm Age (years) | 17 years | 2024 |
| Firms Using Computers (%) | 39.7% | 2024 |
People
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 20.6M | 2024 |
| Population Growth (%) | 1.3% | 2024 |
| Population Density (per km²) | 8 | 2023 |
| Surface Area (sq km) | 2.7M | 2023 |
| Land Area (sq km) | 2.7M | 2023 |
| Urban Population (%) | 62.1% | 2024 |
| Urban Population (total) | 12.8M | 2024 |
| Rural Population (%) | 37.9% | 2024 |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 74.4 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Male | 70.1 years | 2023 |
| Life Expectancy, Female | 78.4 years | 2023 |
| Fertility Rate (births per woman) | 3 | 2023 |
| Birth Rate (per 1,000) | 20.1 | 2023 |
| Death Rate (per 1,000) | 6.7 | 2023 |
| Net Migration | -8,834 | 2025 |
| Population Ages 0–14 (%) | 29.4% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 15–64 (%) | 62.0% | 2024 |
| Population Ages 65+ (%) | 8.7% | 2024 |
| Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 61.4% | 2024 |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%) | 14.0% | 2024 |
| Youth Dependency Ratio (%) | 47.4% | 2024 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Male (per 1,000) | 205.6 | 2023 |
| Mortality Rate, Adult Female (per 1,000) | 82.2 | 2023 |
Labor
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 10.0M | 2025 |
| Labor Force Participation (%) | 67.8% | 2025 |
| Female Labor Force Participation (%) | 62.6% | 2025 |
| Male Labor Force Participation (%) | 73.4% | 2025 |
| Unemployment (%) | 4.8% | 2025 |
| Female Unemployment (%) | 5.5% | 2025 |
| Male Unemployment (%) | 4.1% | 2025 |
| Youth Unemployment (%) | 3.8% | 2025 |
| Employment in Agriculture (%) | 11.3% | 2025 |
| Employment in Industry (%) | 19.9% | 2025 |
| Employment in Services (%) | 68.8% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (%) | 68.7% | 2022 |
| Vulnerable Employment (%) | 24.8% | 2025 |
| Wage & Salaried Workers (% of total) | 73.9% | 2025 |
| Part-Time Employment (%) | 6.6% | 2022 |
| Employers (% of total employment) | 1.3% | 2025 |
| Labor Force, Female (% of total) | 48.3% | 2025 |
| Employment to Population Ratio (%) | 64.5% | 2025 |
| Self-Employed (% of total) | 26.1% | 2025 |
| NEET Youth (% not in education/employment) | 9.5% | 2016 |
Education
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Education Spending (% of GDP) | 4.8% | 2023 |
| Education Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 22.0% | 2024 |
| Primary School Enrollment (%) | 97.3% | 2025 |
| Secondary School Enrollment (%) | 97.6% | 2025 |
| Tertiary School Enrollment (%) | 52.9% | 2025 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 98.1% | 2025 |
| Lower Secondary Completion Rate (%) | 97.4% | 2025 |
| Out-of-School Children, Primary | 128,155 | 2025 |
| Out-of-School Girls, Primary | 69,079 | 2025 |
| Primary School Teachers | 113,317 | 2025 |
| Secondary School Teachers | 251,627 | 2024 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 17 | 2019 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio, Secondary | 8 | 2019 |
| Expenditure per Student, Primary (% of GDP/cap) | 0.7% | 2018 |
| Pupil-Teacher Ratio (Primary) | 97.1 | 2019 |
| Education Spending, Secondary (% of govt) | 68.6% | 2016 |
| Education Spending, Tertiary (% of govt) | 9.4% | 2018 |
Health
Energy & Environment
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions (tonnes per capita) | 12.6 | 2024 |
| CO₂ Emissions (total kilotonnes) | 259 | 2024 |
| Energy Use (kg oil eq. per capita) | 3,651 | 2023 |
| Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita) | 5,146 | 2023 |
| Renewable Electricity Output (%) | 11.0% | 2021 |
| Renewable Energy Consumption (%) | 2.0% | 2021 |
| Access to Electricity (%) | 100.0% | 2023 |
| Access to Clean Fuels for Cooking (%) | 94.2% | 2023 |
| PM2.5 Air Pollution (µg/m³) | 20 | 2020 |
| Forest Area (%) | 1.3% | 2023 |
| Forest Area (sq km) | 35,424 | 2023 |
| Arable Land (%) | 11.0% | 2023 |
| Terrestrial Protected Areas (%) | 11.9% | 2024 |
| Marine Protected Areas (%) | 52.5% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Drinking Water (%) | 97.8% | 2024 |
| Access to Basic Sanitation (%) | 97.9% | 2024 |
Agriculture
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Land (%) | 79.4% | 2023 |
| Cereal Yield (kg per hectare) | 1,037 | 2023 |
| Food Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 127.8 | 2022 |
| Crop Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 129.3 | 2022 |
| Livestock Production Index (2014–2016=100) | 124.8 | 2022 |
| Land Under Cereal Production (hectares) | 16.5M | 2023 |
| Total Fisheries Production (metric tonnes) | 35,816 | 2023 |
| Fertilizer Consumption (kg per hectare) | 3.9 | 2023 |
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (%) | 2.5% | 2023 |
| Agricultural Irrigated Land (%) | 0.8% | 2023 |
| Annual Freshwater Withdrawals (% of internal) | 38.8% | 2022 |
| Cereal Production (metric tons) | 17.1M | 2023 |
Technology
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Internet Users (%) | 93.4% | 2024 |
| Mobile Subscriptions (per 100 people) | 127 | 2023 |
| Fixed Broadband Subscriptions (per 100) | 14.3 | 2023 |
| Secure Internet Servers (per million) | 6,914.1 | 2024 |
| R&D Spending (% of GDP) | 0.14% | 2023 |
| Patent Applications, Residents | 803 | 2020 |
| Patent Applications, Non-Residents | 97 | 2020 |
| Scientific Journal Articles | 3,551 | 2022 |
| High-Technology Exports (USD) | $7.19B | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (% of service exports) | 7.2% | 2024 |
| ICT Service Exports (USD) | $855.3M | 2024 |
| Industrial Design Applications, Resident | 134 | 2021 |
| Researchers in R&D (per million) | 693 | 2023 |
Infrastructure
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Air Transport, Passengers Carried | 11.9M | 2023 |
| Air Transport, Freight (million ton-km) | 53.1 | 2023 |
| Rail Lines (total km) | 16,006 | 2021 |
| Railways, Passengers (million km) | 8,649 | 2020 |
| Railways, Goods (million ton-km) | 302,156 | 2020 |
| Logistics Performance Index (1–5) | 2.70 | 2022 |
| Electricity from Oil (%) | 0.4% | 2023 |
| Electricity from Nuclear (%) | 0.0% | 2021 |
Gender
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Women in Parliament (%) | 19.4% | 2024 |
| Female Labor Force Participation, 15+ (%) | 63.3% | 2022 |
| Female Wage & Salaried Workers (%) | 74.6% | 2025 |
| Girls Out-of-School Rate (%) | 106.0% | 2019 |
| Adolescent Fertility Rate (per 1,000) | 18.2 | 2023 |
| Gender Parity Index, Primary | 104.22 | 2019 |
| Gender Parity Index, Secondary | 1.00 | 2020 |
| Gender Parity in Primary Education | 1.00 | 2020 |
Governance
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Control of Corruption | -0.27 | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness | 0.15 | 2023 |
| Political Stability | -0.27 | 2023 |
| Regulatory Quality | 0.07 | 2023 |
| Rule of Law | -0.45 | 2023 |
| Voice & Accountability | -1 | 2023 |
| Control of Corruption (percentile rank) | 47.2% | 2023 |
| Government Effectiveness (percentile rank) | 57.1% | 2023 |
| Rule of Law (percentile rank) | 36.8% | 2023 |
| Political Stability (percentile rank) | 36.5% | 2023 |
Military
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Military Spending (% of GDP) | 0.4% | 2024 |
| Military Expenditure (USD) | $1.21B | 2024 |
| Armed Forces Personnel | 71,000 | 2020 |
| Armed Forces (% of labor force) | 0.7% | 2020 |
| Military Spending (% of govt expenditure) | 1.9% | 2024 |
| Intentional Homicides (per 100,000) | 2.6 | 2022 |
Poverty & Inequality
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Poverty at $2.15/day (%) | 0.0% | 2021 |
| Poverty at $3.65/day (%) | 0.3% | 2021 |
| Poverty at $6.85/day (%) | 15.2% | 2021 |
| Poverty Headcount, National (%) | 5.0% | 2024 |
| Gini Index | 29.2 | 2021 |
| Income Share, Top 10% | 24.8% | 2021 |
| Income Share, Bottom 10% | 4.3% | 2021 |
| Income Share, Top 20% | 39.3% | 2021 |
| Income Share, Bottom 20% | 9.8% | 2021 |
| Shared Prosperity Premium (%) | 4.2% | 2021 |
| Survey Mean Consumption (2017 PPP $ per day) | 15.09 | 2021 |
| Poverty Gap at $2.15/day (%) | 0.0% | 2021 |
Social Protection
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Social Insurance Coverage (%) | 38.5% | 2021 |
| Social Assistance Coverage (%) | 27.6% | 2021 |
| Social Protection Coverage (%) | 57.3% | 2021 |
| Human Capital Index (0–1) | 0.63 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Female | 0.65 | 2020 |
| Human Capital Index, Male | 0.61 | 2020 |
| Learning-Adjusted Years of School | 9.1 years | 2020 |
Tourism
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| International Tourism, Arrivals | 2.0M | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Departures | 2.9M | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (USD) | $589.0M | 2020 |
| Tourism Expenditures (USD) | $861.0M | 2020 |
| Tourism Receipts (% of total exports) | 1.2% | 2020 |
| International Tourism, Transport Services (USD) | $130.0M | 2020 |
Urban Development
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Urban Population Growth (%) | 1.8% | 2024 |
| Population in Largest City | 2.0M | 2025 |
| Population in Largest City (% of urban) | 15.7% | 2025 |
| Population in Agglomerations >1M (% of total) | 16.3% | 2025 |
| Population in Slums (% of urban) | 0.8% | 2022 |
| Rural Population Growth (%) | 0.5% | 2024 |
| Access to Safely Managed Drinking Water (%) | 91.5% | 2024 |
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