Pakistan—R&D Spending (% of GDP)
Pakistan's R&D spending (% of GDP) was 0.16% in 2023, ranking #92 out of 114 countries. This represents a -0.3% change from 2021. Over the past 13 years, the highest recorded value was 0.52% (2007) and the lowest was 0.10% (2000). Data sourced from the World Bank World Development Indicators.
Historical Data
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 0.16% | -0.3% |
| 2021 | 0.16% | -6.0% |
| 2019 | 0.17% | -17.6% |
| 2017 | 0.21% | -4.4% |
| 2015 | 0.22% | -15.2% |
| 2013 | 0.26% | -14.1% |
| 2011 | 0.30% | -24.2% |
| 2009 | 0.40% | -23.2% |
| 2007 | 0.52% | +58.9% |
| 2005 | 0.33% | +103.0% |
| 2002 | 0.16% | +30.8% |
| 2001 | 0.12% | +30.1% |
| 2000 | 0.10% |
Top Countries — R&D Spending (% of GDP)
| # | Country | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Israel | 6.35% | 2023 |
| 2 | Liechtenstein | 6.01% | 2023 |
| 3 | Korea, Rep. | 4.94% | 2023 |
| 4 | Sweden | 3.60% | 2023 |
| 5 | United States | 3.45% | 2023 |
| 6 | Japan | 3.44% | 2023 |
| 7 | Belgium | 3.27% | 2023 |
| 8 | Austria | 3.26% | 2023 |
| 9 | Switzerland | 3.22% | 2023 |
| 10 | Germany | 3.15% | 2023 |
About This Indicator
Definition
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Methodology
Data compiled by Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02.