Spain · Urban PM2.5 Concentration (WHO)
8.32023
Unit: micrograms per cubic metre. Publisher measure: Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
Annual population-weighted PM2.5 concentration in urban areas, matching WHO SDG11.6.2 metadata; label urban scope explicitly.
Measurement basis: model-based estimate.
Displayed values are rounded, with extra precision when needed to keep a positive estimate positive. Downloads retain the full numeric estimate and the publisher's original display text separately.
A “<” sign means strictly below the stated number. Numeric readings and uncertainty endpoints keep their own comparison signs. A number without a sign does not establish certainty or an observed outcome.
World Health Organization (Global Health Observatory); retrieved 2026-09-07. Retrieval time is separate from an official publisher release vintage.
Download this immutable source capture · Source and coverage corrections
One row per country, indicator and year, with raw values, source links and reuse notices. Thresholds have an empty numeric value and separate number/operator fields; value_kind distinguishes upper bounds from absent readings.
History and uncertainty
Charts plot numeric readings. Reported upper bounds create gaps; their values, uncertainty endpoints and source notes remain available in the table and downloads.
Reported estimates and uncertainty · 14 rows
Each comparison sign applies to its own reading or uncertainty endpoint. Values retain source precision. “Not reported” identifies an absent reading or uncertainty endpoint in this source capture.
| Country | Year | Reading | Lower endpoint | Upper endpoint | Publisher note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | 2010 | 12.48914333 | 12.213372669 | 12.815828218 | — |
| Spain | 2011 | 13.0667889 | 12.762482069 | 13.465682823 | — |
| Spain | 2012 | 11.880937855 | 11.609508975 | 12.230148312 | — |
| Spain | 2013 | 10.84792279 | 10.583344521 | 11.131384617 | — |
| Spain | 2014 | 10.299228118 | 10.075464611 | 10.591437415 | — |
| Spain | 2015 | 11.319357732 | 11.05364275 | 11.611359606 | — |
| Spain | 2016 | 10.199985253 | 9.943256744 | 10.492564153 | — |
| Spain | 2017 | 10.709505083 | 10.445028457 | 11.017566179 | — |
| Spain | 2018 | 10.000137074 | 9.793370802 | 10.311457938 | — |
| Spain | 2019 | 9.46182797 | 9.259058403 | 9.743981149 | — |
| Spain | 2020 | 9.384698096 | 9.165464733 | 9.63126077 | — |
| Spain | 2021 | 9.697735713 | 9.484137287 | 9.954818467 | — |
| Spain | 2022 | 10.59490094 | 10.32960503 | 10.866424285 | — |
| Spain | 2023 | 8.273748248 | 8.073752995 | 8.502059148 | — |
One row per country, indicator and year, with raw values, source links and reuse notices. Thresholds have an empty numeric value and separate number/operator fields; value_kind distinguishes upper bounds from absent readings.