Turkmenistan—R&D Spending (% of GDP)
Category: TechnologySource: World Bank World Development IndicatorsGlobal Rank: #92 of 105
Latest Value
0.14%
2022
YoY Change
+40.0%
2021 → 2022
Global Rank
#92
of 105 countries
Maximum
0.16%
2016
Minimum
0.08%
2018
CAGR
+3.5%
8 years
Last
0.14%
Previous
0.10%
Highest
0.16%
Lowest
0.08%
Source
World Bank World Development Indicators
Source: World Bank World Development Indicators
Historical Data
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 0.14% | +40.0% |
| 2021 | 0.10% | -23.1% |
| 2020 | 0.13% | +18.2% |
| 2019 | 0.11% | +37.5% |
| 2018 | 0.08% | -11.1% |
| 2017 | 0.09% | -43.8% |
| 2016 | 0.16% | +45.5% |
| 2015 | 0.11% |
Top Countries — R&D Spending (% of GDP)
| # | Country | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Israel | 6.02% | 2022 |
| 2 | Liechtenstein | 5.87% | 2019 |
| 3 | Korea, Rep. | 5.21% | 2022 |
| 4 | United States | 3.59% | 2022 |
| 5 | Sweden | 3.41% | 2022 |
| 6 | Belgium | 3.41% | 2022 |
| 7 | Japan | 3.41% | 2022 |
| 8 | Switzerland | 3.31% | 2021 |
| 9 | Austria | 3.20% | 2022 |
| 10 | Germany | 3.13% | 2022 |
About This Indicator
Definition
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Methodology
Data compiled by Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02.
Source: World Bank - World Development IndicatorsView original source →